Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Diary of Medical Mission Trip videos dealing with the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti in 2010 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 374 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Problem solution essay Level High school Did you like this example? What should be done immediately after a catastrophe such as an earthquake? The first thing that should be done in the event of an earthquake should be the mobilization of several rescues and humanitarian experts to help in rescue exercise. At the same time, a temporary emergency rescue center near the site of the disaster. Emergency rescue teams in ambulances and paramedics should be mobilized to arrive the area within no time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Diary of Medical Mission Trip videos dealing with the catastrophic earthquake in Haiti in 2010" essay for you Create order The rescue center at the site should then sort the victims with the critically injured being airlifted for specialized medical attention. Having rescued all the victims and recovered the dead bodies, a specialized treatment center should be set free-of-charge to cater for serious conditions such as spinal cord problems, severe burns, and mentally affected patients. What do you think should be the next step after the emergency rescue? The government should set a center to carry out DNA body identification and facilitate burial of the bodies especially in developing countries such as Haiti. How can you handle the families of the deceased and the direct victims (injured)? The families of the deceased and the direct victims should be relocated to secure, and safer areas and their basic human wants met. Care should be taken when handling these family members as they are likely to suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), anxiety, and depression. What are some of the residual effect that the victims might suffer? Care should be taken when handling the injured as they are likely to face long-term effects such as trauma, some may become life-long cripples and respiratory problems. How should a nation stay prepared to handle future disasters? The government should invest in research to ensure that earthquakes are predicted and people evacuated in time. Emergency rescue systems and ambulances should be put in place to ensure that such disasters are responded to immediately. Local search and rescue (SAR) should be strengthened together with training the general public on how to respond to such disasters to reduce the number of deaths and severity of injuries. Finally, community health workers should be decentralized and strengthened to improve service delivery (Bayard, 2010). References Bayard, D. (2010). Haiti earthquake relief, phase two†long-term needs and local resources. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(20), 1858-1861.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Explanatory Synthesis Education And Career - 1372 Words

Explanatory Synthesis: education and career The need to get a job should never be the major objective of attending school. The need to go to school must be driven by the internal push to understand the political, social and economic issues that affect humanity. The attachment of the self-actualization to the dream job and academic achievement is misplaced and must never be part of the motivation in modern learning institutions. Students, parents and education specialists have for a long time instilled in the ongoing students that they should focus on learning to get the dream jobs once they complete education. Education should prepare students to seek jobs that aim at creating a better society rather than acquiring wealth and becoming†¦show more content†¦The evil does not start in the office with the CEO signing corrupt deals with the multinational companies; it starts right from the day the parent reminds the child of working hard at school to achieve certain social and ec onomic class. The environment where one grows plays a primary role in shaping the future of society. Failure to tell the students the main reason for acquiring the education for many years is likely to make them lose track of what they should achieve in life. So what are the reasons for going to school? To begin with, learning is a continuous process throughout life and that one should never be contented with whatever he has learned; on the other hand, education equips people with the necessary skills needed to solve the problems facing modern society. Finally, education connects the past and the present to predict the future. Whichever way one takes it, education has nothing to do with securing a job. In the essence, after one has acquired education, he is ready to use the knowledge to solve problems that face society. Among the problems are formulating economic and social policies, contributing to the political development and planning for the future of the people. As such, the education helps to develop the general well-being of society. Morcke, Dornan, and Eika, (2013), asserts that education is the key to success in life. This assertion has been misinterpreted across

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Western Native America Medicine Free Essays

In such a situation, I would first create a good rapport between Mr. Wolf, his wife and I. I would start by thanking them for visiting the health care centre and for allowing me to run some tests on Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Native America Medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wolf. I would then advise him that it is a good thing to look after our health as this is the only way that we will be able to live to see tomorrow. As Broome, B. Broome, R. , (2007) says, the Native Americans value their traditions very much. It is therefore necessary to act as one of them or rather to respect these values and demonstrate to them that they are important. By doing this, I will be able to prescribe some new medication and at the same time, I will be certain that Mr. Wolf will respect and adhere to the directions that I would give him. After examining him, I would give him the antibiotics that he is supposed to take. I would try to educate him on the importance of these drugs as they would help him to regain his health. I would do this by explaining the consequences of prostatitis and the effects or damage that it might have if it is not treated. I would not discourage him from taking his herbal medicines that he was prescribed. Instead, I would thank him for visiting the healer or the health counselor or advisor. I would encourage him to continue taking the herbs as they were directed by the healer or the health counselor. In addition, I would also advise him to take the medications that I have administered to him without fail. This way, he will feel that I am supporting him and at the same time I am respecting his culture. According to Cohen (2003), American Indians or the Native Americans value their tradition very much. This means that if at all I will act as if I am not respecting this fact, there are chances that he will not follow my directions and therefore he might not get well at all. Alternatively, there are some herbal medicines that are not likely to do well with the hospital medicine. I would therefore ask him to go home with the medicine that I had administered to him and make sure he takes them. I would explain to him that there are some herbal medicines that would counteract with the hospital medicines that we are taking. I would advise him to come with the herbal medicine that he is taking so that we can see if they have any content that might react with the antibiotics. This way, we would be able to prevent any further reaction in his body. When they bring the medicine, I would analyze it and assess whether it has any reaction with the antibiotics that I would have given him. If there is a reaction, I would change the antibiotics, alternatively, I would try to advise him that there is a serious reaction that might take place if he took both the medicine that I administered and the herbal medicine at the same time. I would then try to explain to him that the diseases that he is currently having is very serious and therefore he need to give it a first priority. According to Moses, L. Wilson, R, (1985), Native Americans are known to speaking in parables. I would therefore try to formulate a story about a patient who had such a disease and who defied or rather who refused to take the medication that I had given him and chose the herbs. He only stayed for five months before succumbing to the illness. This would be in the aim of convincing Mr. Wolf to give the antibiotics the first priority and stop taking the herbs for some time. I would advise him that he can immediately go back to the herbs onces the antibiotics are over. How to cite Western Native America Medicine, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Program Planning and Evaluation in Public Health †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Program Planning and Evaluation in Public Health. Answer: Introduction: This evaluation plan has been developed for the drug testing trial. In this evaluation plan, question raised during evaluation and methods useful to address these questions will be mentioned. 5000 new participants of the Newstart and Youth Allowance will be recruited for the drug testing in two year trial. Dr. X is chief investigator for this programme and he will manage overall conduct of the project, collect and analyse data and write reports. Mr. A and Mr. B are the external consultants and they will provide advice on research design. There should be accountability of the welfare payments. Drug addiction is mainly responsible for the unemployment and crime. A lot of work is required to reduce the unemployment and crime. In this trial, if people refuse to take trial, they will be fined with penalty. People with positive test for the first time will be offered cashless card and those tested positive in the later stages will be kept on the drug treatment with their own responsivity. Evaluation of this trial is required because drug abuse is keeping people away from getting jobs and halting their income source. Behavioural change is the important aspect for the people with drug addiction (Stead et al., 2017). Drug testing welfare recipients trials were performed in many countries, however this trial will be implemented here with new innovative approaches (Midford, 2010). This project will have three objectives. First objective of this project is to assess people with drug use and provide support to them. Second objective of this project is to provide training to health and social workers for counselling to people with drug use. Third objective of this project is to educate people with drug use. This education will be useful in improving their understanding about negative impacts of drug use (Doi et al., 2015). This two year project is expected to have following outputs: 5000 participants, 30 drug testing locations, 30 counselling sessions, Generation of 3500 jobs. Drug testing welfare recipients programmes will be aimed at appointing one single point contact for each of three locations. This person will have expertise in the drug testing trial. This person will be having responsibility of drug testing and analysing the results. Another three persons will be working in coordination with other stakeholders those are responsible for providing cashless debit cards and planning of jobs for jobseekers (Perlmutter et al., 2017). This project will be monitored and guided by the steering committee comprising of professionals from various communities, those who faced welfare drug testing trial. To identify learning outcomes of healthcare and social workers while working with the people with drug abuse. To obtain sustainable solutions for people with drug use and unemployment. To implement good practices in welfare drug testing trial. To bring behavioural change in the people with drug addiction. To eliminate drug addiction as the barrier to employment. Key evaluation questions adapted for this programme based on the aims and objectives of the programme. Key evaluation questions which will be answered in this evaluation will be related to model, people education, people drug tests and outcomes of the programme for people with drug use. What aspects of the adapted model will be effective in the improving behavioural, financial and employment condition of the people with drug use ? To what extent has the programme improved behavioural, financial and sustainable employment condition of the people with drug use ? Which training events will be implementing ? To what extent these training events are helpful in providing education to the people ? Which are the drug tests used and what is validity of these drug tests ? Outcomes of the programme: What are the characteristics of the people enrolled in the drug testing welfare? What outcomes will be evident in the people enrolled in the drug testing welfare? Methodology: Meeting aims and objectives: This study will answer evaluation questions using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Aims Objectives Research methods To identify learning outcomes of healthcare and social workers while working with the people with drug abuse. What aspects of the adapted model will be effective in the improving behavioural, financial and employment condition of the people with drug use ? Interviews with people, compilation of the data and analysis of data (Kanicka et al., 2013). To what extent has the programme improved behavioural, financial and sustainable employment condition of the people with drug use? What are the factors which facilitate or hinder implementation of the model? Evaluation of project cost against project outcome. Analysis of the total cost provided by the Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance against people outcome. Lessons regarding people education Which training events were implemented? Collection of data regarding training events with training certificate as proof. To what extent these training events are helpful in providing education to the people ? Online survey for benefits of training to the people (Gripenberg et al., 2011). Preliminary outcome of the project for the people. Which are the drug tests used and what is validity of these drug tests ? Documentation of the standard operating procedures used for carrying out tests. Documentation of validation data for each test at each drug testing centre. To implement good practices in welfare drug testing trial. Client satisfaction Interview with minimum 100 clients about their experience of the project. Client outcome Compilation of the data clients left drug use and get employment opportunity. Health and social worker experiences. Interview with the project staff (Ezard et al., 2016) Conceptual framework: This study will involve interviews of health and social workers and interviews of selected clients of the programme and analysis of the data. The collected information will meet the criteria of programme theory approach and it will identify : Contribution of human, organisational and community resources involved in the programme and planned activities. Activities or programme resources support for the contributors in the form of processes, events and actions. Outcome of the programme activities in the form of amount of work accomplished and number of people enrolled in the study. Outcome in the form of benefits to the enrolled people. Inputs Activities Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance policy and plan Resources and Funds, People with drug use, Drug testing providers, Health and social workers. Programme planning and management, Programme delivery, Analysis and compilation of data, Facilitators and barriers for implementation of programme. Outcomes Outputs Reduced taxpayers use of money for illicit drug purchase, Improved behavioural aspects of participants. Number participants refrained from drug use, Number of participants received cashless credit cards, Number of participants improved in job qualities. Logic models will be implemented in establishing relationship between resources, activities, outputs and outcomes and to assess presence of each element. Assessment of each of these elements will be beneficial in the evaluating these elements in actual practice as compared to the intentions of the programme. It will also clarify interactions among individuals, practice, service and other resources. Phase 1 : First phase will comprise of literature review, which will be useful in the conceptual frame-work of the Drug testing for welfare. Data from the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC) analyses will be used for the selection of location for drug testing trial. Profiling tool will be used to identify people with high risk of drug use. In this phase, ethical approval will be taken from the Human Research Ethics Committee and resources will be made available for the next phases. Phase 2 : In phase 2, health and social workers will collect data at baseline for enrolled participants. This data will be in the form of employment status and drug use. This data will be entered in the excel sheet and it will be used at the end of the study for comparison with obtained data. This data will be present in the form of case management tool for health, wellbeing, financial status and employment status of the individual. This data will be stored in the form of case study description along with the identification of each individual client. Next phase will be enrolment of the participants for the drug testing. Drug testing will be performed on random basis with Department of Human Services (DHS) appointments. Easy drug tests will be used and in cases of positive test confirmatory tests will be performed in the form of follow-up test. After getting results of the drug testing, participants will be segregated in two categories like positive and negative for the drug testing. Participants with positive drug testing will be provided with cashless cards. Cashless cards will be helpful in stopping cash flow for the purchase of drugs. It will be helpful for preventing use of taxpayers money for the purchase of illicit drugs (Worley et al., 2017). After the completion of the drug testing, counselling will be provided to the participants to refrain from drug use and to provide training in the job activities. Motivational speeches, information about adverse health impacts of drugs, social impact and financial impact will be included in the counselling to refrain from the drug (Jena et al., 2014; Cousins et al., 2011). Training in the job activities will be in the form of communication skills, the ability to work effectively with others, and reliability (Subramaniam et al., 2017; Modayil et al., 2010). Measures of effectiveness: Outcome Comparison groups Explanation Positive and negative test for drug use. At baseline and at the end of the project. Counselling and financial assistance can reduce drug consumption. Communication skills, efficiency in job and reliability at workplace. At baseline and at the end of the project. Counselling and motivation can improve these job qualities in job seekers with drug use (Subramaniam et al., 2017). Improvement in the financial condition of the participants. At baseline and at the end of the project. Improvement in the financial condition can reduce substance use (Park et al., 2010) Phase 3: After the completion of counselling, participants will be randomly selected for the drug testing for evaluating decrease in the drug use (Moeller et al., 2017). Participants will be evaluated for the behavioural changes and improvement in the job activities. This data will be collected by face-to-face interview of participants by health and social workers of the programme. Health and social workers of the programme will be asked about their experience in providing service, benefits for the participants, barriers for the implementation and barriers for outcome (Fitzgerald et al., 2015). Evaluation timetable: Activity Month Ethical approval Jan. 2018 Literature review Jan. 2018 Collection of resources Feb. 2018 Phase 1 Mar. 2018 Phase 2 Jan. 2019 Phase 3 Oct. 2019 Compilation of report Dec. 2019 Deliverables: This project will have two main deliverables like draft and final report. In addition to this, three progress reports will be there. Reports will be summarise following aspects: Phase 1: Update on the project plan, literature review and ethical approval. Phase 2: Data collection framework, procedure and schedule for drug testing, plan for cashless card distribution and plan for counselling and training for the participants. Phase 3 : Data collection for the decrease in drug use, plan for participants interviews and plan for interviews of health and social workers. Draft report will include: An executive summary, Brief literature review, Methodology, Evaluation of participants outcome in terms of drug testing, behavioural change and improvements in the job activities, Analysis of financial data. Communication with participants and health and social workers: Single member of the evaluation team will be point of contact for health and social workers in this programme. Communication with these stakeholders can be established by personal visits to projects sites, attending meetings and contact by telephone. Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance project will be supported by high quality resources and infrastructure. Validated drug tests and questionnaires for the interviews will be used in this programme and these will be in accordance with the national and international standards. References: Cousins, K., Connor, J.L., Kypri, K. (2010). Reducing alcohol-related harm and social disorder in a university community: a framework for evaluation. Injury Prevention, 16(5), pp. e1-6. Doi, L., Jepson, R., Cheyne, H. (2015). A realist evaluation of an antenatal programme to change drinking behaviour of pregnant women. Midwifery, 31(10), pp. 965-72. Ezard, N., Hodge, S., Dolan, K. (2015). The development and evaluation of stimulant treatment programmes. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(4), pp. 280-5. Fitzgerald, N., Platt, L., Heywood, S., McCambridge, J. (2015). Large-scale implementation of alcohol brief interventions in new settings in Scotland: a qualitative interview study of a national programme. BMC Public Health, 15, 289. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1527-6. Gripenberg, A. J., Wallin, E., Andrasson, S. (2011). Long-term effects of a community-based intervention: 5-year follow-up of 'Clubs against Drugs'. Addiction, 106(11), pp. 1997-2004. Jena, P.K., Kishore, J., Pati, S., Sarkar, B.K., Das, S. (2014). Tobacco use and quit behaviour assessment in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): invalid responses and implications. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, pp. 14(11), pp. 6563-8. Kanicka, M., Poniatowski, B., Szpak, A., Owoc, A. (2013). Effect of an anti-tobacco programme of health education on changes in health behaviours among junior high school adolescents in Bia?ystok, Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 20(1), pp. 167-72. Midford, R. (2010). Drug prevention programmes for young people: where have we been and where should we be going? Addiction, 105(10), pp. 1688-95. Modayil, M.V., Cowling, D.W., Tang, H., Roeseler, A. (2010). An evaluation of the California community intervention. Tobacco Control, 19(1), pp. i30-6. Moeller, K.E., Kissack, J.C., Atayee, R.S., Lee, K.C. (2017). Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 92(5), pp. 774-796. Park, H.Y., Dent, C., Abramsohn, E., Dietsch, B., McCarthy, W.J. (2010). Evaluation of California's in-school tobacco use prevention education (TUPE) activities using a nested school-longitudinal design, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Tobacco Control, 19(1), pp. i43-50. Perlmutter, A.S., Conner, S.C., Savone, M., Kim, J.H., Segura, L.E., Martins, S.S. (2017). Is employment status in adults over 25 years old associated with nonmedical prescription opioid and stimulant use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(3), pp. 291-298. Stead, L.F., Carroll, A.J., Lancaster, T. (2017). Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD001007. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001007. Subramaniam, S., Everly, J.J., Silverman, K. (2017). Reinforcing Productivity in a Job-Skills Training Program for Unemployed Substance-Abusing Adults. Behavior Analyst, 17(2), pp. 114-128. Worley, J. (2017). Recovery in Substance Use Disorders: What to Know to Inform Practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(1), pp. 80-91.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Margin Imposed by NSE on Derivative trading free essay sample

Plain the role and importance of the different types of Margins imposed by the NSE in Derivatives Trading The Trading of currency futures is subject to maintaining initial, extreme loss, and calendar spread margins and the clearing corporations of the exchanges (In the case of NSE it is NSCCL) should ensure maintenance of such margins by the participants based on the guidelines issued by SEBI from time to time. The clearing corporation acts as counterparty to all contracts traded on the exchange and is responsible for settling all trades. They control their risks, by asking the members to pay margins and provide timely information about their financial condition. There are various types of margins that the clients/ trading members/ clearing members required to deposit: Margins on both Futures and Options contracts comprise of the following: 1) Initial Margin 2) Exposure margin In addition to these margins, in respect of options contracts the following additional margins are collected 1) Premium Margin 2) Assignment Margin Span Margin NSCCL collects initial margin up-front for all the open positions of a CM based on the argins computed by [emailprotected] We will write a custom essay sample on Margin Imposed by NSE on Derivative trading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A CM is in turn required to collect the initial margin from the TMs and his respective clients. Similarly, a TM should collect upfront margins from his clients. Initial margin requirements are based on 99% value at risk over a one day time horizon. However, in the case of futures contracts (on index or individual securities), where it may not be possible to collect mark to market settlement value, before the commencement of trading on the next day, the initial margin is computed over a two-day time horizon, applying the appropriate statistical ormula. The methodology for computation of Value at Risk percentage is as per the recommendations of SEBI from time to time. Initial margin requirement for a member: 1 . For client positions is netted at the level of individual client and grossed across all clients, at the Trading/ Clearing Member level, without any setoffs between clients. 2. For proprietary positions is netted at Trading/ Clearing Member level without any setoffs between client and proprietary positions. For the purpose of SPAN Margin, various parameters are specified from time to time. In case a trading member wishes to take additional trading positions his CM is required to provide Additional Base Capital (ABC) to NSCCL. ABC can be provided by the members in the form of Cash, Bank Guarantee, Fixed Deposit Receipts and appr securities. Additional Capital Clearing members may provide additional margin/collateral deposit (additional base capital) to NSCCL and/or may wish to retain deposits and/or such amounts which are receivable from NSCCL, over and above their minimum deposit requirements, towards initial margin and/ or other obligations. Clearing members may submit such deposits in any one form or combination of the following forms: 1 . Cash 2. Fixed Deposit Receipts (FDRs) issued by approved banks and deposited with approved Custodians or NSCCL 3. Bank Guarantee in favour of NSCCL from approved banks in the specified format. 4. Approved securities in demat form deposited with approved Custodians. How is Initial Margin Computed? Initial margin for FO segment is calculated on a portfolio (a collection of futures and option positions) based approach. The margin calculation is carried out using a oftware called SPAW (Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk). It is a product developed by Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) and is extensively used by leading stock exchanges of the world. SPAN uses scenario based approach to arrive at margins. Value of futures and options positions depend on, among others, price of the security in the cash market and volatility of the security in cash market. As you would agree, both price and volatility keep changing. To put it simply, SPAW generates about 16 different scenarios by assuming different values to the price and olatility. For each of these scenarios, possible loss that the portfolio would suffer is calculated. The initial margin required to be paid by the investor would be equal to the highest loss the portfolio would suffer in any of the scenarios considered. The margin is monitored and collected at the time of placing the buy / sell order. The SPAW margins are revised 6 times in a day once at the beginning of the day, 4 times during market hours and finally at the end of the day. Obviously, higher the volatility, higher the margins. Exposure Margin The exposure margins for options and futures contracts on index are as follows: For Index options and Index futures contracts: 3% of the notional value of a futures contract. In case of options it is charged only on short positions and is 3% of the notional value of open positions. For option contracts and Futures Contract on individual Securities: The higher of 5% or 1. 5 standard deviation of the notional value of gross open position in futures on individual securities and gross short open positions in options on individual securities in a particular underlying. The standard deviation of daily logarithmic returns of prices in the underlying stock in the cash market in the last six months is computed on a rolling and monthly basis at the end of each month. For this purpose notional value means: For a futures contract the contract value at last traded price/ closing price. For an options contract the value of an equivalent number of shares as conveyed by the options contract, in the underlying market, based on the last available closing price. In case of calendar spread positions in futures contract, exposure margins are levied n one third of the value of open position of the far month futures contract. The calendar spread position is granted calendar spread treatment till the expiry of the near month contract.. How is exposure margin computed? In addition to initial / SPAW margin, exposure margin is also collected. Exposure margins in respect of index futures and index option sell positions is 3% of the notional value. For futures on individual securities and sell positions in options on individual securities, the exposure margin is higher of 5% or 1. 5 standard deviation f the LN returns of the security (in the underlying cash market) over the last 6 months period and is applied on the notional value of position. Premium Margin In addition to Span Margin, Premium Margin is charged to members. The premium margin is the client wise premium amount payable by the buyer of the option and is levied till the completion of pay-in towards the premium settlement. Assignment Margin Assignment Margin is levied on a CM in addition to SPAN margin and Premium Margin. It is levied on assigned positions of CMS towards interim and final exercise ettlement obligations for option contracts on index and individual securities till the pay-in towards exercise settlement is complete.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Morality of Stem Cell Research Essays

The Morality of Stem Cell Research Essays The Morality of Stem Cell Research Essay The Morality of Stem Cell Research Essay Much debate has raged over the influence of nature and nurture on how people behave. Indeed human behavior can be studied by using environmental and biological approaches. However, there is a divergence in beliefs as to the roles of nature and nurture as far as human development is concerned. Fukuyama in his book Our Posthuman Future (2002) believes that science when taken to extreme, would very well be the cause of humanity’s end. The book argues that the manipulation of the very process that define life can create minute but certain changes in our common humanity, thereby altering our collective values underlie our history. (Fukuyama, 2002, p. 7) Consequently, the author believes that biotechnology may very well signal a revolution of catastrophic levels and advocates for controlling such rapid advances in medical and biological technology. This paper seeks to analyze this argument by framing it within an existing and controversial issue which is stem cell research. Humanity: A Sense of Personhood What separates humans from animals? That question has long baffled philosophers, psychologists, and scientists alike, because the answers are both simple and complex that any one person can come up theories as to the elements that distinguish humans from other kinds of animals. More than anything else, it is the ability to be deliberate in our choices and actions as we navigate the daily responsibilities of life. The ability to be guided by reason and free will and discern right and wrong separates us from animals (Harre 1998). This ability to differentiate and reflect between right and wrong is called personhood. The idea of personhood is something that is intimately tied with our collective consciousness and humanity, which explains why it can be very difficult to define, much less describe within certain parameters. The ideas behind personhood are the basis of fundamental human rights, humanitarian acts, as well as laws and regulations of an ordered society. Personhood may be defined as that innate capacity and right of a person for conscious deliberation and self-determination, based on proper reasoning. Personhood is not merely a function of genetic or organic existence. Much of personhood is an intangible concept that goes beyond simply being labeled as a living organism. Frankfurt (1971, p 6) defines a person as a creature with the capacity to fulfill needs and desires in ways that indicate free will and reasoning. The person is able to identify these needs and desires and acts in deliberation and fr ee will in order to achieve such desires. The person, acting in such capacity, is fully aware of the motivations that lead him or her to such actions. A person is a unique creature and stands apart from other animals because humans have the ability to deliberate on desires and make the appropriate choices and actions based on their free will. The person’s free will and reasoning enables him to make appropriate actions and whether to repress these desires or pursue its fulfillment. Unlike animals that are driven by instinct and basal needs, a person has the ability to exercise his free will and reason and make a choice on what actions to take. Raz (2006, p. 3) elevates the concept of personhood further to emphasize the role of reason in the exercise of free will. Raz maintains that it is reason that determines if an individual is truly using his free will or not. Given a variety of desires and needs, the person, guided by reason, decides on what desires to act on, if at all. T he choices are based on the individual’s ability to evaluate and prioritize desires and recognize motivations and ascribe to them values of right and wrong (Watson 1987, p. 217). Analysis of Ethical Issues Unlike animals that are driven by instinct and basal needs, a person has the ability to exercise his free will and reason and make a choice on what actions to take. Raz (2006, p. 3) elevates the concept of personhood further to emphasize the role of reason in the exercise of free will. Raz maintains that it is reason that determines if an individual is truly using his free will or not. Given a variety of desires and needs, the person, guided by reason, decides on what desires to act on, if at all. The choices are based on the individual’s ability to evaluate and prioritize desires and recognize motivations and ascribe to them values of right and wrong. (Watson, 1987, p. 217) From these values we make the choices that we make and create a civilized and ordered society. However, the challenges of life create blurred lines between what is ethical and what is not. Stem Cell Research Stem Cell is deeply related to personhood. New discoveries in medicine and science technology have pushed the boundaries of medical technology and the mapping of the human DNA has given scientists the blueprint for life and the variables that make it so unique to each person. The controversy surrounding stem cell revolves around the use of embryos to harvest stem cells and use them as potential cures for wide range of illnesses from cancer to Alzheimer’s disease, from spinal cord injuries to lung diseases and most degenerative diseases. (Panno, 2006, p. 76) The curative power of stem cells lies in its undifferentiated state. These stem cells are the progeny of all the kinds of cells and tissues that form in the body. Stem cells can be developed into any kind of cell, replacing those that are aberrant or damaged in the patient’s body. Stem cells can be harvested and then planted into people with illnesses. (Fukuyama, 2002, p. 58)   Once inside the body, the stem cells can then be molded into any specific cell that the person needs. Stem cells are present in all individuals, however in adults, the stem cells lose some of their purity and patency and there is a high risk of mismatching and consequent failure to graft. However the bigger issue is that the potential of adult stem cells to differentiate is narrower, meaning that their potential to become other types of cells are limited, often limited to the type of tissue where they came from. Embryo stem cells have no such limitations; they are pluripotent – which means they have the capacity to become any kind of cell in the body. This quality of embryonic stem cells makes them the ideal source for undifferentiated cells that can be used to repair cell and tissue damage. (Holland, Lebacqz, Zoloth, 2001, p. 5) The Emotional Case Against Stem Cell Research Ethical issues arise because embryos or fetal tissues can be used only to be sources of stem cells. These embryos may be used or even destroyed in the course of harvesting and research. The developing fetus does not have the power to refuse such actions and is helpless to do anything about it. Taking the debate further, when the technology has been perfected, there is also the fear of creating embryos only for the purpose of healing someone else’s illness and not for the creation of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the heart of the debate of stem cell research is personhood and the question of the viability of life. Pro-life groups reiterate the same arguments for abortion as they are doing with stem cell research. They fight for the right of the unborn and argue that life begins upon the meeting of the sperm cell and the egg. Pro-life sections of society argue that stem cell research violate the most basic of human rights and bioethical principles, foremost of which is the principle of informed consent. Implicit to the element of respect for personhood and basic human rights is the concept of informed consent (Merrill 1998). In the medical field, informed consent is legal stipulation that presupposes that patients of legal age agree to have a medical operation or procedure done on them only after being given the full facts of the situation, including the risks that they may face while undergoing said procedure. (Beauchamp Childress 1994, p. 21) This principle extends to experimental and mainstream medical procedures. While it may be argued that the knowledge gained from stem cell research and the potential it has to save millions of lives, the knowledge gained is stained by how it was attained. Certainly there are better ways to harvest and use embryo stem cells and such information could have been obtained using more humane and ethical procedures, one that would not have to entail the destruction and the blatant disregard for human life. The concept of informed consent is grounded on the principle that medical professionals should be able to communicate properly the situation and all the possible risks that the medical intervention may entail. Based on the information given the patient will then weigh whether the benefits of the intervention outweighs the risks and then makes the decision. Informed consent empowers individual to make choices about their own health conditions and what can and cannot be done about it. Health care professionals are legally and ethically bound to engage the patient and involve them in issues that concern their own bodies. (Beauchamp Childress 1994, p. 48). Informed consent, as a manifestation of our basic human right to freedom and dignity is the cornerstone of bioethics. If we are stripped of the right to determine what happens to our own body in the name of medical science, then it is in violation of the very essence of research. However, we disregard such basic rights when it comes to the unborn precisely because they have no capacity to demonstrate their choices and no capacity to deliberate on the consequences. Because embryos have no such abilities, we assume that they do not have the right to be accorded or extended the same rights as we do adult humans. The Case for Stem Cell Research (Proponents) Those who support stem cell research argue that embryos are not viable human beings. Therefore, in the absence of personhood and the viability of life, embryos can be treated as we do any lab animal to further the cause of medical science and cure the many illnesses that beset mankind. Scientists and researchers believe that they are doing a greater good because of the great potential of stem cells to cure heretofore incurable maladies. Indeed, the ability of embryonic stem cells to cure has long been proven and there have been many instances of dramatic life-saving stories involving stem cell. The proponents have scientific data to validate their stand and they make use of the actual lives that have been saved by using stem cells. The point is to advance medical knowledge and improve existing technologies and methodologies. Some also argue that we need to do the research in order to discover ways that would harvest fetal stem cells without destroying it. (Bellomo, 2006, p. 12) Some sacrifices must be made in the refinement of the process and soon a technique may be discovered that would point to a less destructive source of pluripotent stem cells or to some technique that will enable us to create stem cells separate from a fertilized egg. The potential of stem cell research is as unlimited as the potential of the stem cells themselves. The medical community believes in its greater good to cure sick people and to extend to people the healthy and happy life that is also an inherent right of all mankind. Abortion: The Roots of the Debate Against Stem Cell Research Clearly, based on these definitions, personhood is an attempt to define the characteristics that allows us to determine whether an organism is a person or not. Simply, put three elements must be present for personhood: free will, reasoning, and moral decisions. Our actions are constantly being judged as moral or not, and we have the choice whether to ascribe to these moral laws. Of course all of these actions, whether moral or not will then have consequences that the person must deal with. Why should there be a debate in the first place as to what renders a person a human being? The debate is mainly a legal issue. Much of the legal laws that govern most societies are based on personhood and legal debate is also the basis whether an action is illegal or not. One of the most enduring and controversial issues about personhood is the question of when it actually begins. The issue of personhood determines whether stem cell research is morally and legally right. Of course, people on both sides of the fence would arbitrarily argue that personhood is one thing or another, depending on what best suits their purpose. Those who are against stem cell research would argue that personhood begins during conception, while those on the opposite side would maintain that personhood cannot exist during the fetal stage and therefore, there is no actual act of violation to the baby while in this stage. (Fukuyama, 2002, p. 89) The debate against stem cell research is intimately tied with issues of abortion. Because stem cell technology is fairly new, there is no judicial precedent yet. However, in terms of personhood and the viability of life debate first came to a head in the watershed Roe vs. Wade (1973) case. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the woman has the right to have an abortion up until a certain time when the fetus becomes â€Å"viable†. Viable in this case is defined as the period when the fetus has the potential to survive outside the womb, regardless of any medical or artificial assistance. This is generally considered to take place during the 6th or 7th month of fetal life. Abortions before this period of viability are then ruled to be permissible if needed to protect the woman’s health. The decision does not legalize abortion but allows it as long as the woman has an abortion before the fetus becomes viable and only for medical reasons (Scott 1990, p. 67). At the heart of the controversy and debate that continues to rage to this day is the respect for both the personhood of the mother and the baby inside her and the stem cells that fetal cells contain. If, by exercising her personhood, the mother decides to harvest the stem cell to help a relative or another child, is she morally wrong or right? Or what if she decides to terminate her pregnancy altogether? What conditions make stem cell harvest legal and when is it not? Of course, the much deeper issue that should be addressed is where do we go off deciding the viability of a fetus and the value of life? The case created a deep schism and polarized a country between those who were pro-life (anti-abortion) and pro-choice (pro-abortion). The decision practically upheld abortion as a basic human right, and is protected by law as long as it is done with within certain narrowly-defined parameters. The woman’s decision to terminate her pregnancy falls under her right to privacy and pe rsonhood. She, being the owner of her body, has the right to deliberate and determine how she wants her own body to be. Roe was a rape victim who got pregnant as a result of the criminal act. She then wanted to have an abortion, arguing that the circumstances of her pregnancy give her moral and legal right to an abortion. Interpretation Perhaps we shall never be able to fully deliberate on the morality and legality of stem cell research because at best, we can only speculate on the viability and personhood of a fetus. In such cases, the value of a human life is debated only when stem cell harvesting becomes an option or when a legal case arises from it. In most cases, there seems to be a consensus that human life begins at the moment of conception and that personhood, as a process, begins also at this time. The controversy of stem cell research and the challenges that it poses to our moral and ethical directions is a reflection of our exercise of personhood. It should be discussed and deliberated and questioned because the failure to do so is the failure of our own collective and individual humanity. And in this case, Fukuyama may be right. Such issues that cause such polarization can very well erode humanity.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Categories of Evasion Techniques

Categories of Evasion Techniques Evasion techniques The term evasion technique groups all the methods used by malware to avoid detection, analysis, and understanding. The evasion techniques can be classified into three broad categories, namely, anti-security techniques, anti-sandbox techniques and anti-analyst techniques. Anti-security techniques These techniques are used to avoid detection by antimalware engines, firewalls, application containment, or other tools that protect the environment. Anti-sandbox techniques These techniques are used to detect automatic analysis and avoid engines that report on the behavior of malware. Detecting registry keys, files, or processes related to virtual environments lets malware know if it is running in a sandbox. Anti-analyst techniques These techniques are used to detect and fool malware analysts, for example, by spotting monitoring tools such as Process Explorer or Wireshark, as well as some process-monitoring tricks, packers, or obfuscation to avoid reverse engineering. Some advanced malware samples employ two or three of these techniques together. For example, malware can use a technique like RunPE (which runs another process of itself in memory) to evade antimalware software, a sandbox, or an analyst. Some malware detects a specific registry key related to a virtual environment, allowing the threat to evade an automatic sandbox as well as an analyst attempting to dynamically run the suspected malware binary in a virtual machine. It is important for security researchers to understand these evasion techniques to ensure that security technologies remain viable. Malware detection on mobile devices The basic differences between a PC and mobile device are constrained in terms of computation power, memory and limited battery resources. The targeted exploits of mobile malware are also significantly different from those on PC due to the differences in operating systems and hardware. For e.g. Majority of mobile devices are based on the ARM architecture. Hence, we need to provide due consideration when using the PC based methods for mobile devices. The detection method must use memory and computational resources efficiently and not drain the device battery. The detection method must be cost-efficient to update over the wireless network. There are two general ways of protecting the mobile device. One is to offer protection at the device level and the other is to offer protection at the network level by inspecting packets destined for the device. Device based protection detects and cleans malware including viruses, Trojans and spyware that are installed on the device whereas network based protection looks to detect and prevent intrusions in the network. Malware Analysis Classification All classification approaches taken in the literature can basically be categorized into two types: (i) based on features drawn from an unpacked static version of the executable file and (ii) based on dynamic features of the packed executable file. These approaches are further classified into signature based, behavior based, hybrid based and machine learning based approaches. Signature based approaches are simple and capable to operate online in real time. They detect only known malwares and are not useful for detecting new, unknown and stealthy malwares. They are less powerful with respect to evasion techniques (i.e) obfuscation transformations can easily defeat signature-based detection mechanisms. A signature matching algorithm is well suited for use in mobile device scanning due to its low memory requirements. Behavior based approaches are designed for analyzing the malwares dynamically, thereby allowing it to detect unknown malwares efficiently. They rely on system call sequences/graphs to model a malicious specification/pattern. Behavior-based methods and machine learning methods are dynamic approaches. Anomaly-based approaches, also known as profile-based approaches, profile the statistical features of normal traffic. Any deviation from the profile will be treated as suspicious. They detect previously unknown attacks, but they showed high false-positive ratios when the normal activities are diverse and unpredictable. Specification-based approaches are similar to anomaly detection, but they are based on manually developed specifications that capture legitimate (rather than previously seen) system behaviors. They avoid high false alarm rates caused by legitimate but unseen behavior in the anomaly detection approach. Their drawback lies in more time-consumption as they develop detailed specifications. Thus, one has to trade off specification development effort for increased false negatives (i.e., likelihood that some attacks may be missed). Heuristic approaches for detection in PCs include semantics-based, visualization-based, social network based, entropy based, cryptographic based, difference equation based, kernel based detection approaches. For detection in mobile, immune system-based, memory acquisition-based, suspicious API call patterns, differential fault analysis approach, Intercomponent communications are the approaches that comes under heuristic category. Much research has been conducted on developing automatic malware classification systems using data mining and machine-learning approaches. However, due to various stealth techniques designed by malware authors, most malwares remain undetectable. Organization This paper presents a detailed insight on malware analysis in both the Personal Computer (PC) domain and the mobile domain, based on literature survey done from 1987. First, the various forms of malware and the impact of malware in PC and mobile phones are discussed. Also, their prevalence in most used operating systems such as Windows (for PCs) and Android (for mobile) is focused. Second, the literature survey explaining the contemporary detection approaches are compared with the ancient approaches and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, research questions and findings are discussed, giving key ideas for malware researchers to develop a more robust and efficient detection approach, to improve protection and reduce risks, applicable to real-world scenario.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Cultural dimension Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural dimension - Assignment Example The application of in-depth questions in the semi-structured questionnaires drew the study towards the acquisition of the required outcomes since the interviewees were not coerced to answer in a particular controlled manner. Therefore, the research process established the prevalence of a civilised culture in the Japanese society before the documentation of the Austrian culture. 2.1 Two students from Japan and Austria were selected for the interview, which involved the use of open-end questionnaires. The students were chosen because they possessed the most dominant and influential cultures in the history of civilization. With the use of open-end questions and semi-structured questionnaires, they were asked many questions; hence, they stimulated the opportunity of acquiring a wide range of answers in the absence of research bias. This was done by using the most important issues about their cultures. In this questionnaire, the participants were enquired to rate the most significant and particular issues. These questions helped in understanding concepts that hold significance to the respondents, and allowed critical decisions about the countries’ cultures. The two students answered the questions in accordance to their societal perspectives; hence, the results influenced the study to establish that the Japanese and Austrian societies were embracing democratic practices in leadership, with the common objective being the improvement of the lifestyles and economic progression. 2.2 The  next section represents an analytical approach that evaluates the information gathered during the study. Since the application of the qualitative method of survey enhanced the level of participation among the chosen sample population, it was noted that there were many differences and similarities between the Japanese and Austrian cultures. The Japanese culture is exceedingly older than the Austrian culture

Monday, November 18, 2019

Southwest Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southwest Airlines - Essay Example The firm also offers amenities to its customers in order to meet their entertainment needs. In addition, Southwest Airlines serves their customers by providing Business Select, Wifi, Mobile Access, and EarlyBird Check-In facilities. 2. According to Starcevich, effective employment of manpower resources assists the Southwest Airlines to offer excellent services to its customers. It is identified that the organization’s management adopts a liberal approach to its managers, employees, unions, and suppliers. Hence, sincere and efficient managerial persons and their coordination found to be the most powerful competence that offers many competitive advantages to Southwest Airlines. The top management of the firm has made arrangements for listening to low level employees directly. The company keeps quickest turnaround time and it ensures the accuracy of flight times. The firm’s management gives emphasis on customer feedback on the belief that it would assist the company to mak e necessary strategic modifications. Moreover, the concern concentrates only on certain regions and it helps the company to provide improved services to the customers. 3. Low cost is the Southwest’s principal business-level strategy; company’s unique business model helps the management to practice this strategy successfully. The low level passenger charges assist the company to achieve customer loyalty. Customers today wish to get quality services at lower costs; hence, Southwest Airlines will be potential service provider for US people. It is observed that the Southwest Airlines does not offer much luxury facilities so as to maintain the name â€Å"low- cost carrier†. However, it is advisable for the organization to offer royal facilities also as it would aid the firm to meet the interests of rich class people; this strategic change may improve the firm’s core competence and thereby competitive position. 4. Southwest’s structure and culture accura tely match with its strategy in many ways. As discussed above, the company deals with domestic operations and it charges only low prices for its services. A well coordinated management team and effective segment concentrated operations help the company to provide better services to its customer groups without changing the charge rates. In order to improve the company’s strategic operation, it is recommendable for the Southwest Airlines to increase its group of customers. While the firm serves increased groups of customers, it can obtain the economies of large scale operations which in turn would enable the company to offer more economical benefits to its customers. Under this structure, Southwest Airlines faces some difficulties also. Some specific strategic features of the organization often become a barrier to its acquisition programs. 5. The Southwest Airlines deals with about three top domains. The strategic and managerial effectiveness assists the organization to operate in these areas successfully. As we discussed, the firm pursuits a segment focused corporate-level strategy in order to deal with different domains effectively. When the company focuses on specific business areas, the management gets up-to-date market information regarding those segments and it enables the company to form timely business strategies. Similarly, the market segmentation aids the company management to keep close contact with customer

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Change of the Rights and Free

The Change of the Rights and Freedoms of Australian Women over the Past 100 Years Essay The progression of the rights and freedoms of women has changed drastically over the past 100 years. Women have felt the need to stand up for their rights and change the traditional stereotype of women from, weak and unambitious to strong and determined beings. There were two main time periods where their rights were recognized throughout Australia. The first took place in the early 20th century, where women rallied for the rights to vote and stand for elections. The second took place in the 1960s and 1970s, when traditional roles of women were challenged. The third aspect that will also be looked at in this essay, are influential women in the two time periods that made the rights and freedoms of women change for the better. In the early 20th century, women believed that they had the right to vote and stand for elections in their respective states because they were working in jobs similar to men. They also believed that the stereotype of them not having the intellect ability to understand politics was false. In 1914, the Victorian Local Government Act Amendment allowed women eligible for election on the same basis. The same happened in 1915 in Queensland, 1918 in New South Wales, 1920 in Western Australia and 1921 in Tasmania. Women who had law degrees wanted to be part of a judiciary to become juries. This was introduced for the first time in Queensland, in the year 1923. Other aspects of women’s rights were overlooked by the Australian Government and in 1928, 1000 women gathered in Sydney to protest for their rights. Many Australian women were getting pregnant before the age of eighteen and had no financial aid to support their child. The Racial Hygiene Association set up the first birth control clinic in Australia in Sydney in 1933. To support young mothers and mothers in general, the Child Endowment Act, formed in 1941 allowed payment directly to the mother of an allowance for each child under the age of sixteen. The allowance was 5 shillings per week. Women who had occupations during the wartime were given set wage rates by the Women’s Employment Board, which was set up by the Federal Government in 1942. Women in the 1960s were more outgoing in challenging the traditional roles of women in the form of protest. Intellectual females debated of changes to civil rights, ‘the pill’, marijuana, conscription and the involvement in the Vietnam War. The collection of intellectuals and their belief to change the freedom and rights of women created the Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM) in 1960. The WLM set a few guidelines that they wanted to address and improve in Australia. The first was sexuality. Judiciaries always overlooked cases that were linked to rape and sexual harassment. The WLM wanted these cases to be looked into to give sexually abused victims peace. The second was education. The female intellectuals wanted to spread literature among other women. Many women in the 60s and 70s were illiterate, whereas men were taught how to read and write from a young age. The last guideline was health. Women wanted to be able to have easy access to contraception, abortion and protection from abusive men. They also wanted to do more research for health conditions, such as, breast cancer and cervical cancer. Many laws have resulted due to the formation of the WLM. The Maternity Leave Act, created in 1973 allowed working mothers to have a 12 month unpaid leave that wouldn’t affect their jobs. In June 1977, The Anti – Discrimination Act aimed to stop discrimination against race, gender or marital status. The Equality of Status of Children’s Act was created in December 1977 allowed children born out of marriages to have legal status. Women wanted to pursue jobs that were mostly pursued by men. In 1986, The Equal Opportunity for Women Act restricted barriers, which prohibited women from pursuing jobs that should be available to them. There were many females in Australia who were activists and believed that Australian women needed to be more confident and believe that they were capable of performing male superior jobs. Edith Cowan was the first woman elected to an Australian Parliament in Western Perth, Western Australia in the year 1921. Women from different states were inspired by Cowan and in Queensland, Irene Longman was the first woman to be elected in the Queensland parliament in 1929. In 1937, Ivy Webber represented the League of Women Electors on a platform of ‘Mother, Child, Family, Home and Health. ’ This is because Webber believed that women needed help with motherhood, children, family, marital problems, home and health. In 1972, Helen Reddy produced a song called ‘I am Woman’. The song became the unofficial anthem of the WLM as well. The United Nations declared that it was ‘International Woman’s Year’ in 1975. Many women went to extremes to protest for their rights. Zelda D’Aprano chained herself to the Commonwealth building in 1969 in Melbourne as a sign of protest for the equal pay of working women. In 2004, D’Aprano was made the officer of the order of Australia as acknowledgement for her work in campaigning on women’s workplace issues. Women have evolved over the past 100 years and have been more determined to strive for freedoms and rights. There is a pressing need for women to acquire jobs. This is partly due to the lack of pressure to get married. The few who do attain high positions still have to deal with traditional attitudes towards women: the belief that they are less capable than men, sexual harassment and public focus on their appearance and their family responsibilities. Even till this day, women are still looked down upon and they themselves feel the need to prove themselves to the society surrounding them. Julia Gillard, Australia’s current Prime Minister says that she ‘would never be where she is today if she wasn’t raised by a single mother and if she allowed gender criticism to jeopardise her intent to become Prime Minister. ’

Thursday, November 14, 2019

who was right :: essays papers

who was right When white men crossed the boundary of the Missouri River, it upset the balance between the pioneers and the red men. Obviously the red men were not happy and lashed out against their white oppressors. Many just saw savages, but much of the American army saw courage and honor. Was it right for members of the army who had just maintained the union of their own society, to dismember the culture of the Native Americans? I believe it was. First of all, the army did not enjoy having to push the Indians back from the lands that the white people wanted, but then they also had to try and convert them to Christianity. The Indians retaliated against the army, but it was the United States government itself that broke the treaties that promised the Indians land and then expected the army to keep the peace through mutual trust. Military action appeared to be the only way to keep white civilians from complaining about Indian attacks on the white man's newly acquired land. An Army official named Sheridan received reports each week about the horrendous acts of violence caused by the red man. It was then that famous phrase was created "the only good Indians I ever saw were dead." There were many men like Sheridan who hated the Indians and looked down upon their senseless acts of violence. However, men like William Tecumseh Sherman had a deep respect and admiration for the enemy and his fighting skill. In fact, both Sheridan and Sherman confessed to pity and compassion for the Native Americans they had set out to destroy. Even men like General Nelson A. Miles who had personal reasons for revenge against the enemy showed a deep respect, almost reverence, for the red man. Colonel John Gibbon proclaimed that the record of white hostility and treachery would force any man to fight. Gibbon raised more questions about his own culture than he answered about his enemies. To many soldiers who had the same ideals as Gibbon, the courage and bearing of the red man suggested a purer way of life before the coming of the white men. Some men like General George Crook became more of an Indian than some Apaches. Crook's argument about the Indian violence was that their nature is responsive to treatment which assures him that it is based upon justice, truth, honesty, and common sense.

Monday, November 11, 2019

What About The Hype

In our society today there is one key element that informs the world in many different ways. This element is the media. It comes in many forms such as television, newspapers, magazines etc. Since we are subjected to the media everyday, it can influence how we feel about people. Some influences can be positive and some can be negative. One negative influence that it has is its coverage of African Americans. The media’s coverage of African Americans encourages the majority of white society to have a negative perception of them. Many times in the media whites are not portrayed in such a manner. One of the reasons this occurs is because of the structure in which the news is presented. This reason is shown through the use of language to describe the events involving African Americas that have taken place. The language is often more â€Å"brutal† when an African American story is being told. Another is the consistency in which African Americans appear in the media. A third reason is because whites and blacks do not interact as much in society. A final reason a negative image of African Americans is perceived by white society is because the media is always present. It is almost everywhere you go. Author Farai Chideya says, â€Å"The use of vivid and strong language forms a subconscious mental portrayal of the person or persons being described. The mind accepts the language and formulates a perception of that party† (42). A perfect account that supports this quote is when â€Å"fancy† language was used to describe African Americans in the evening news and newspapers. Channel 9, WCPO in Cincinnati, Ohio, reported a story involving an African American in a murder case on February, 4, 2000. Such words as â€Å"violent†, â€Å"brutal†, and â€Å"merciless† were used. These strong words stick in people’s minds when they hear them. Since they were linked to a black man, a negative stereotype can be formed. Later in the broadcast an incident involving a white male was broadcast. In that story, the reporter just gave the facts. Dejecting adjectives were not used to describe this man. This story is significant because the receiver of this information will not have the same prejudices towards the white man as they now have towards the black man. Since stronger words were used to describe the acts of the black man, a negative stereotype was formed about him. In The Cincinnati Post on Friday, February 4, 2000, a story involving an African American was on the front page. In big, bold letters the heading read, â€Å"Man Accused of Vicious Murder†. The story was of an African American male who robbed an innocent, elderly, white woman in Over the Rhine, a neighborhood in Cincinnati, and then murdered her. Because the words â€Å"innocent†, â€Å"elderly†, and â€Å"white† were used in the article a negative stereotype was attributed to the man. Charles Campbell writes, â€Å"In the relaying of controversial news, language plays an important role. If one figure in the story is perceived by readers as being unable to protect themselves, or innocent, then the other figure is extremely looked down upon by the reader† (76). This quote is very significant because it explains how the reader has a more negative feeling towards the black man because of the words that were used to describe the elderly woman. The viewer sees the woman as being â€Å"innocent† and unable to do anything about her situation and the black man did not care whatsoever. â€Å"African Americans appear on the news as criminals twice as often as other groups†, according to Cole. Stories that are best told with pictures, fires, crime scenes, and handcuffed criminals dominate our newscasts (Cole 4) These images, especially of African American men, lead to stereotypes of black men as â€Å"dangerous, unrestrained, sexually active individuals† (Cole 4). This quote is significant because it shows how stunning images of repetitive negativity involving African Americans imbeds itself into the viewer’s mind. Because these incidents occur over and over again, what else besides negativity towards blacks will the viewer come to know? Another quote that supports this is when Campbell states, â€Å" Repetitive viewing of negative media portrayals of outgroup members is one way of comparing ingroup (white majority) with outgroup (black majority)† (101). Often times in the media whites are portrayed in the news as high stature figures. Some of these figures are politicians, police officers, very wealthy people, or standouts in society. More situations of these stories about whites are in the media then stories of whites that commit violent acts. Because of the better portrayal of whites in society, they are not as often negatively stereotyped. On the other hand, since blacks are not portrayed like whites in the media they are assessed more negative attributes from the receiver (person who is affected by the media). For three days, February 15 through February 17, 2000, I watched the news channel Fox 56’s broadcasts. On February 15, there were four stories where African Americans were involved. Two involved robbery, one involved rape, and the last one murder. There were only two incidents where whites were attributed with negative acts. On February, 16, there were three happenings that African Americans were a part of. Again, they were stories of robbery and rape and this time a new one, unemployment. There were two stories involving whites and they were petty crimes such as not paying child support and petty theft. On the final day of my research there were five stories involving African Americans and two involving whites. From my research it was proven to me that African Americans appeared consistently twice as much in the media as whites. The same types of crimes were repetitive also. Those crimes being murder, robbery, and rape. This time, however, a new factor was relayed, unemployment. Now a new stereotyped was assessed to African Americans, laziness. The significance of this research was to show that repetition of negative actions by African Americans does occur in the media. Because these situations occurred over and over again, the receiver can form stereotypes of African Americans. In the United States of America Africans make up 12% of the population (Marger 227). Even though this equates to over thirty million people, black and white America still live very separate lives. Because of our separateness, what we know about each other is often what we see on television shows, news broadcasts, and read in newspapers. But not because the television industry aims to entertain and news focuses on the extremes, people who have done very bad things or very good things, the white majority perceives African Americans as talented as Michael Jordan or the only ones committing crime and rape in our neighborhoods (Marger 165). The typical, hardworking, African American family is overlooked because it is not â€Å"news†. Since negative images and stories stick out and are soaked up more by the receiver, the good images of African Americans in the media are easily overlooked. There are many instances where there are good news stories about blacks such as helping in the community, saving people’s lives, and doing other good deeds. The problem is the bad outweighs the good. This statement was proved through my research when I viewed the evening news. Chideya describes it perfectly when he says, â€Å"Black America and white America still live separately. What we know of one another is often secondhand, passed through a filter – the filter of the media† (77). The final reason why stereotypes of African Americans are perceived by white society is because the media is always present. It’s not like you can just completely isolate yourself from all types of media. Virtually no matter where you go, you hear or receive the media in some way. Whether it is through television, newspapers, books, magazines, or music, it is always there. Even if someone walks up and tells you what they heard or read from the media, you are affected by it. Especially if the media involves negative stories or images involving African Americans. If the media is everywhere you go, there is no way escaping the constant bombardment of negative occurrences where African Americans are present. Finally, the reasons described above are very important. â€Å"Fancy† language used to describe African American stories, the number of times blacks are in the media, the non-interaction of whites and blacks in society, or the media being present everywhere you go, all contribute to the white majority developing negative stereotypes of blacks. All of theses reasons cause you to remember the bad things African Americans have done and allow yourself to think harshly of them. I have one question for you. If you don’t believe what I have presented in this essay, then where do you get your information from? If you don’t say some type of media, whether it is a book, television, a newspaper or a magazine, then you are a liar. Think about it.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

History and Description of a Subordinate Group Member Essay

Throughout the history of North America, there has been one ethnic group who has given up almost everything to the European settlers. Land, home, resources, and dignity were stolen from Native Americans. The long history of the American Indian is being written, even today. Approximately forty thousand years ago, the earliest ancestors of Native Americans migrated across the Bering Strait from Asia on pack ice (Hoerder, 2005). The population rose steadily, and by the time the first substantial settlement of Europeans was established in the New World, Native Americans lived throughout the continent. In the search for more farmland, European immigrants quickly pushed the native population out of their traditional homelands. This migration began the crowding of other native bands, forcing eastern natives to move beyond the Ohio River, thus starting a series of relocations for the Native Americans that continued through the next two centuries. Less than fifty years after the end of the American Revolution, many of the tribes in the northeastern United States sold their land under pressure from the newcomers. Before 1850, these natives migrated west of the Mississippi River. If you traveled to Oklahoma today you would find the same bloodlines that once roamed the New England hills (â€Å"Indians† The Reader’s Companion to American History, 1991). Wanting to live apart from the natives and expecting them to remain controlled, reservations were established, including an Indian Territory (est. 1825) in present-day Oklahoma. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was enacted to populate these newly established areas. President Jackson ordered the forced migration of Native Americans from multiple southeastern tribes. Approximately 4,000 Cherokee Indians perished in 1838-1839 on their 800-mile march, or during their succeeding internment. This tragic event has become known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears†. (American Indian Policy, 2002) Trying to â€Å"Americanize† instead of segregate the Indians, in 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which broke up reservations and gave land to individual Indian families. The idea of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Indians by giving them land from which they could profit. What followed were laws, over the next few decades, which dissolved tribal governments and placed Native Americans completely under the jurisdiction of U.  S. laws (American Indian Policy, 2002). The reservation system is one distinctive aspect of the Native American culture that materialized from their relationship with other Americans. The United States has 310 reservations within its borders. The federal government owns 298 reservations and 12 belong to the states in which they are located. A total of 437,431 Indians resided on reservations or trust lands. That is approximately 22 percent of the Native Americans defined by the 1990 census (Shumway & Jackson, 1995). The United States has proven itself unreliable on its policies and treatment of Native Americans. The government teeters between a policy of segregation, under which Indians are treated as a self-sustaining culture, and assimilation policies, which try to integrate Indian and European cultures. The United States acknowledged Indian sovereignty and established treaties with them. Unlike foreign nations, Indians shared the continent with the quickly growing nation who needed resources, and were quick to form treaties, giving Indians land rights and territorial sovereignty but repeatedly found ways to revoke those privileges.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Impact on Government Law School Essay Essays

Impact on Government Law School Essay Essays Impact on Government Law School Essay Essay Impact on Government Law School Essay Essay John Rawls Theory of Justice Introduction; According to John Rawls, liberty and equity are some of the components of justice and fairness that each modern government should incorporate into their systems. When it comes to equality, the philosopher divides them into ;difference principle and fair equality; (Arellano-Gault, 2010). The difference principle is one that helps in finding out when priorities are conflicting in a practical real life situation. However, the principles that are given weight by this particular direction of thinking are: a single and a comprehensive conception of justice. It is applicable for political endeavors and governments that represent the majority. It is clear that several democratic governments have policies and objectives that obligate them to fight for the welfare of citizens (Kumar ; Verma, 2016). The principles of Rawls affect several modern governments. The two of them are applied in everyday lives. These governments have continued to promote these particular basic liberties. Since they are representative citizens, they have to give fair conditions that will promote justice and peace. When the two are promoted, development would follow. The first principle of John Rawls, the liberty principle; gives everyone equal opportunities and liberty. Furthermore, this principle concentrates on personal belongings as one of the basic liberties claimed by citizens. For this reason, no individual or government has the power to take away these basic liberties from individuals. Therefore, they cannot amend any laws that will work against this particular issue (Skillington, 2017). In my opinion, the idea of Rawls, overlapping consensus has not been applied by several modern governments. We find that some governments do not regard suggestions from the less fortunate or rather from all sides. When this idea is incorporated, several benefits are likely to result. Conclusion In conclusion, John Rawls has great ideas that can positively impact today;s governments. Idea of liberty and equity ensures that everyone benefits from the state. ; References Arellano-Gault, D. (2010). Economic-NPM and the need to bring justice and equity back to the debate on public organizations. Administration ; Society, 42(5), 591-612. Kumar, P., ; Verma, S. (2016). Good Governance: an Appraisal. Global Journal For Research Analysis, 4(7). Skillington, T. (2017). The Idea of Climate Justice. In Climate Justice and Human Rights (pp. 41-89). Palgrave Macmillan US.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Managing the Environment (MEWK3 DQ2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing the Environment (MEWK3 DQ2) - Essay Example Brand extension is the introduction of a new host of products under some of a company's strongest brand names (Kotler & Keller 2008, p. 280). Perhaps, one of the most effective defenses for brand extensions is to list success stories of such strategy. Let us take for example Apple, Inc. and Steve Jobs - they have successfully leveraged on one of their brands, the iPod which is now featuring a wide range of mobile entertainment products. According to a study done by Ying, Jin and Yi, "the higher the consumers' degree of information exposure, the higher product knowledge and impulse purchasing behavior" (2008, p. 418). Brand extensions is one of the more effective ways of providing information exposures of the products to the consumers. Encouraging the consumer's impulse buying behavior is necessary in retailing: "Previous studies discovered that 39% of all department store purchases and 67% of all general store purchases are impulse purchases" (Ying, Jin & Yi 2008, p. 419). Moreover, Lei, de Ruyter and Wetzels found out that "a parent brand receives more positive evaluations after the introduction of a step-up extension than that of a step-down extension' (2008, p. 268). It seems here, then, that whether a brand extension is successful or not, it will still be beneficial to the parent brand. On the other hand a successful brand extension "can not only contribute to the parent brand image but also enable a brand

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Business Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Accounting - Essay Example The project is acceptable as both methods show positive outcome in terms of payback period as well as PV of net inflow of the project. Risk is inherent in almost every business. This is more prominent in capital decision making as such decisions involve cost and benefit extending over a period of time. During this long period of time many thing get changed in an unexpected way and hence the risk of return is always there in capital budgeting decisions. The project under consideration carries a medium level of risk. At the same time it is given that the company’s estimate of future cash flows of 10% is too high. A higher discount rate means higher returns. The principal is that higher the risk higher is the returns. If the company considers the medium level of risk for investments under consideration, then this 10% rate calculated on an estimate of higher risk level require suitable adjustments. In other words the rate of discount has to be lowered to the accepted level of medium risk. The company should develop a risk adjusted discount rate. If the company considers the risk of the project equal to the risk of existing investments of the company, then the discount rate of average cost of capital should be considered for evaluating the project. When the risk of the project is greater than the risks of existing investments, then the discount rate used should be higher than average cost of the capital employed with the company. If the risk of the project is lower than risk of existing investments, the discount rate used to evaluate the project should be lower than the average cost of capital employed. In our case the company is expecting medium risk on the project, it is suggestible that average cost of the capital employed be considered as the discount rate to project future cash flows and then discount those cash flows at present value at that average rate of discount in order to compare with present value of net outflows. The calculated discount rate

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Performance Management, Emotional Intelligence and Its Strategic Essay

Performance Management, Emotional Intelligence and Its Strategic Importance in HRM - Essay Example It seeks to answer the question of how an effective performance management system can be implemented to maximise employee productivity and development (Shaw 1995). Emotional intelligence is increasingly finding its place in the corporate or organisational structure. This is because it provides a new way to understand and assess people’s behaviour, management style, attitudes, interpersonal skills and potential. This essay will also unravel the forms of emotional intelligence and how they can be employed by HR professionals in planning, job profiling, recruitment, and customer relations. Performance management and its strategic importance in HRM Performance management is maximising individual or/team performance to achieve a motivated workforce ready to scale the highest heights resulting in high quality output (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee2002). Performance management is an essential tool for top performing organisations and organisations aiming for the top. Ideally, a performa nce management system should be designed to suit the needs of a particular organisation. It should support pay, promotion, employee development, recruitment and reduction in force within the hierarchy system. Overloading the system with too many objectives will make it choke and lose focus. The choice of a performance management system should be determined by the business needs, organisational culture, and its integration with other human resources management systems. For example, it is recommended that an organisation should devise distinct systems of performance management for decision making and performance management for employee development to avoid conflict of interest. A performance management system for decision making uses appraisal information as a basis for pay increment, promotions, transfers, reduction in force or any other administrative human resource decision (Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee2002). On the other hand, a performance management system for development uses ap praisal information as a guide in training, job experience and capacity, mentoring or any other employee development activity aimed at improving employee productivity. This is especially the case in employee rating as different rating systems grade the employee differently depending on the system. Generally, ratings for decision making are more lenient compared to ratings for development which vary with employee strength and development needs. Further illustration of the disparity in the two systems is reflected during evaluation of employees ratings in order to make reward decisions, where individual employees are supposed to give development feedback, they tend to be reticent to discuss their development needs so as not to jeopardise potential rewards and opportunities (Condly and Stolovitch 2003). An effective performance management system should have a well articulated process for accomplishing evaluation activities with well defined timelines for managers and employees, and all employees should be treated in a fair and equitable manner. The main stages of a performance management system are a revolving mechanism of performance planning, ongoing feedback, employee input, performance evaluation and performance review. At the beginning of a performance management cycle, employee performance expectations should be reviewed with a focus on their behaviour and what are expected to deliver in the next cycle. Behaviour reflects how an employee does a job. The focus is on

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Jumping Rope in Physical Education Settings Essay Example for Free

Jumping Rope in Physical Education Settings Essay This article by Susan B. Nye was written to educate all students that jumping rope is an activity that can be fun and enjoyable. The overall layout of this article I thought was well constructed. The article begins with background information about jumping rope and why it is important to incorporate jumping rope in the classroom as well as why it is considered a lifelong physical activity. Then the article shifts toward the basics of jump roping which is laid out in an easy to follow guideline. Moving on, the article shifts to the safety procedure that comes with jumping rope. Then lastly, the article shifts to more advanced jump roping activities that can be played that are fun for all students once each student has shown that they understand the basics and the Ready-Set-Jump protocol. The safety procedure that this article focuses on is described by Susan B. Nye in a three step process called the â€Å"Ready-Set-Jump† protocol. The author did a great job when writing this article so that either a public or private schools can understand and incorporate jumping rope into the classroom. The article states that jumping rope is an inexpensive way to engage students in a lifelong physical activity. After reading that I was shocked to believe that jumping rope was considered a lifelong physical activity. I also did not know that according to this article that depending on the students jumping pace, an individual can burn an estimated 11 calories per minute. Along with burning calories I did not realize that there are different various types of rope: beaded, speed long handled ropes that were mentioned in this article. The beaded jump ropes are designed for beginning learners because they have a slower rotation rate. They are also better jump ropes for rougher surfaces. Speed jump ropes are inexpensive which can be fit into even the smallest school budgets. The benefits of the speed ropes are that they turn easier and can be easily adjusted to fit all students. The long handled jump ropes are great for beginning to perform tricks such as the criss-cross. The one aspect of the article I really did enjoy reading was the explanation of the safety procedures that are associated with jumping rope. The article describes the safety procedure for jumping rope as a â€Å"ready-set-jump† protocol. The goal of the â€Å"Ready-Set-Jump† is for students to utilize this protocol outside of class to remain safe and have fun. The ready stage in the safety protocol reminds students to fit their own jump rope and to correctly hold the jump rope. Holding the handle by your thumb and index finger is the proper way to hold the jump rope. Correctly measuring the jump rope is another key component to the safety protocol for jumping rope. I did not know this but there are three different measurements: standard, chest and lower rib cage when measuring for the correct jump rope length. The standard measurement is for the beginning learners; the shorter the rope the faster the revolutions per second. The second stage in the safety protocol is called â€Å"set†. In this stage students reinforce self space. The proper self space when jumping rope is two feet above your head, three feet on each side of your body and five feet in front and behind of the individual. The last stage of the safety protocol is simple it allows the students to know that it is time to jump rope and have fun. Jumping rope is considered being a high impact activity that requires coordination, balance and endurance. Jumping rope may be hard for younger students simply because it requires two skills: rope turning and jumping. The most effective way to implement jumping rope in your classroom is to teach it as a station or an instant activity but for short amounts of time no more than three to five minutes long. In conclusion, I totally agree with this article that if implemented properly in the classroom, jumping rope can be a high impact and inexpensive way to engage students in a lifelong physical activity. The author of this article did a great job with the overall organization of the information because it was in an easy to follow format for anyone to read. I can honestly say after reading this article I have a greater knowledge of how effective incorporating jumping rope can be in the classroom for all students.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Global Issues in the Modern Day

Global Issues in the Modern Day Min Yong Chun Four Global Issues Table of Contents Introduction Virus Attack Water Scarcity Malaria Digital Divide Conclusion Reference Introduction The Four global issues chosen were virus attack, malaria, digital dive and water scarcity. These 4 global issues have something in common which is that they are increasing affecting the world nowadays. Virus attack was chosen for the reason to inform the readers how the prevention could be done since people are not familiar with the solution or avoidance. Malaria was chosen since it has been a big case in the world for the perfect vaccine to cure the disease is not found yet and to write about how serious it is especially in Africa. Water scarcity was chosen to write and inform the readers on how important this issue is to the global economy and lastly digital divide was chosen to explain to the readers on how the poor country is compared to the rich people. The purpose of the research was to explain with accurate information. This report will discuss the reasons of how these 4 global issues are caused and its effect. In the last part solutions will be provided on how these issues co uld be avoided. Virus Attack Computer virus is a malware program or an undesirable code when executed, duplicates by inserting copies of it into data files, hard drives and other computer parts. It is said that virus often performs an inimical activity corrupting data files, stealing files and the ability to control one’s gadgets (Brian). The causes of virus attack are through the use of internet, removable storage device, and E-mail. Internet is the fastest and the easiest way that virus can spread due to links that automatically downloads virus such as clicking advertisement in a webpage. Followed by E-mails such as SPAM mails and devices such as USB and hard drive can carry virus which was originated from different computer which were infected through virus (Brian). One of the most common and deadliest viruses is Trojan, Spyware and Worms. Because of these viruses multiplying or entering electronic gadgets, the virus immediately seeks for other host that can be infected. Once the virus spread into the device, they transfer controls to the application program they tainted giving the ability of the virus creator to steal or files and the capability of destroying the computer. Virus attack currently cause billions of dollars’ worth of economic damage each year due to wasting computer resources, data corruption, increasing od maintenance cost and causing system failure (Bell). The first virus attacking incident happened in the late 1970s when it infected ARPANET which is a large network used by Defence Department (Beal). Water Scarcity Water scarcity also called water crisis is the lack of sufficient water available to meet the wants of water usage within the country. The earth is covered up with 70% water and the freshwater makes up a very small portion which is only 2.5% of the total amount of water available (â€Å"Fresh Water Crisis†). Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms, physical and economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity is due to the uncontrolled natural water supply to peoples demand such as overpopulation, climate change and other natural calamities where in economic water scarcity is the outcome of poor management of the sufficient water available to the people such as the factories polluting the biodiversity and people wasting or over using the water. Water scarcity may give negative effect to the community (WWF). When fresh water is not available to the people, they get disease from drinking contaminated water and in fact, 3.1 million people die each year from water related disease. Lack of fresh water also means less water to plant the crops causing the food supply to decrease that result to constant huger. Water scarcity can cause poverty for the clean water decreases and the price or the value has also increased which can lead people to poverty (National Geographic). Example of a countries suffering from water scarcity is mostly from the Africa. It was not due to physical but because of the economic water scarcity which could not follow up the needs to the people. If no actions are implemented, in 2025 the fresh water will decrease 1% which will be greatly affect the nation worldwide (â€Å"National Geographics†). Malaria Malaria is an infectious disease for human and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans called Plasmodium and is transmitted through particular mosquito which is the Anopheles mosquito (Mangan). Female Anopheles mosquito is simply the only mosquito that transmits malaria. Specific time is given when the mosquito is particularly active which is 9pm and 5am. The cause of malaria is simply when someone is staying outside where mosquitos are present and usually tourist people are common to get the disease for they stay outside for too long and is commonly found in Africa. Malaria infections are identified by paroxysms or recurrent attack that develop into a three stage. The first stage is the development of chills plus headache. In stage 2, the infected person’s skin may become hot and dry while having a fever. As the temperature drops, stage 3 begins by feeling extreme fatigue and weak while sweating. Within 10 to 15 days, these symptoms are generally spotted. There are some serious cases when infected person will not get a treatment, it can lead to death for the reason that the bones in the body system will weaken. It was also found that cerebral malaria could occur if the blood vessels in the brain are blocked with the infected blood cells. As a result it can lead to swelling of the brain and brain damage. In worst case, after getting bitten by the mosquito, death may strike in a couple of hours. In a survey, it was stated that people die every minute because of being infected by malaria (â€Å"Malaria QA†). Digital Divide Digital divide is a social and economic issue referring to the opposite amount of information between those who have access to the internet. It is also used to describe the discrepancy between people who do not have the resources and access to the technology (Beal). Digital divide also describes the people those who have the knowledge, abilities and skills from those living in rural and urban areas between educated and uneducated. The main cause of digital divide was due to the gap of developing countries and developed countries. The rich countries which had the power to adapt the new technologies has become more developed while the poor countries having inefficient money had a failure in purchasing the technologies which had pushed the chance of development of the countries itself. Other cause could be the education system. For the successful society, they mainly focus on the education making students becoming the future developers of the countries while developing countries not giv ing that much importance for the educational system lack the skills to create students who could change the society (Rapaport). Because of the digital divide bring the gap between the rich and the poor, which leads discrimination. The poor countries would not be able to follow up the rich country in the near future. Competition could not be attempted for the lack of facilities the poor countries have and the developed country would mind only to their development leading to imbalance to the world economy. In addition, the country that lacks with technologies lacks the knowledge to teach the usage of the technology making the country not developed. It would be hard for the poor countries to enter the global market and when foreign investors comes to the developing countries, the tariffs are lowered which free trade will be done. However, this method can help the rich countries richer which means to say that there are possible advantages of digital divide (James). Conclusion To sum up, the 4 global issues have been discussed and were explained with the information gathered from the internet such as journal, journal articles, statistics and other webpages. Computer virus is commonly used for hackers to get personal files. However there might be several ways on how a virus can attack a gadget but there are also several ways a person could avoid virus attack. The best solution for virus attack is to download a virus killing system which could detect viruses before entering to any parts of the computer. In addition, people should be extra careful and should have the knowledge whether they should enter a certain website and when using a USB, the user should always remember to scan before activating and should safety remove the USB. Water scarcity has been a problem to the nation and fresh water is decreasing. Physical and economical water scarcities are done and when this continues there would be insufficient fresh water for people. The best solution that could reduce the scarcity of water is by protecting the available wetland (WWF). By protecting the wetland it can lead to less pollution to the biodiversity and can let the people know the importance of water. In addition, in the future scientist must find a ways Methods used to prevent malaria are when sleeping, people should use mosquito nets which prevents mosquitoes to enter the place where the people are sleeping. Currently there is no vaccine for malaria to be cured 100% but some medications are believed to prevent mosquitos to bite such as putting anti mosquito lotion on the skin when going out door. This depends on how one individual take care of them. Despite there are some advantages, the disadvantages outweighs the possible advantages. The gap will continue none unless the government in the poor country invest money to the development of their own country. There are possible global solutions which could be done. Number one is economic equality. For instance, many work related tasks are done online, and completion of the work may not be done due to the lack of access of internet to work up with the company standard. And the government should invest more on the educational system to create workers of the country. Reference Beal Vangie. â€Å"Computer Virus.† Webopedia. QuinStreet Inc. 2014. Web. 2 November 2014. Marshall Brian and Fenlon Wesley. â€Å"How Computer Virus Work.† HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks. 2014. Web. 2 November 2014 WWF. â€Å"Water Scarcity.† WWF. World Wildlife Fund. 2014. Web. 3 November 2014. National Geographic. â€Å"Freshwater Crisis.† National Geographic. National Geographic Society. 2014. Web. 3 November 2014. Mangan Tricia. â€Å"Symptoms and Effect of Malaria.† Livestrong. Demand Media Inc. 28 July 2011. Web. 2 November 2014. Malaria QA. â€Å"Malaria Effects on the Body.† Malaria. Malaria.com. 11 April 2011. Web. 3 November 2014. Rapaport Richard. â€Å"A Short History of the Digital Divide.† Edutopia. The George Lucas Educational Foundation. 27 October 2009. Web. 3 November 2014. Internet World Stats. â€Å"The Digital Divide.† InternetWorldStats. Internet World Stats Inc. 25 June 2011. Web. 3 November 2014.  November 3, 2014